The Bisbee 1000: A Stair Climbing Adventure Like No Other

One of the most unique and challenging events in Cochise County is the Bisbee 1000. This annual stair climbing event, held in the historic mining town of Bisbee, is a perfect example of how the county combines its rich history with modern recreational trends. The Bisbee 1000 is not your typical race; it involves participants navigating a 4.5-mile course that includes climbing nine sets of stairs – 1,034 steps in total.

The event draws participants from all over the country who are eager to test their endurance against the backdrop of Bisbee’s steep hills and narrow alleys. What sets this event apart is its integration into the town’s historic architecture. As runners ascend the staircases, they pass by colourful homes, murals, and gardens that tell the story of Bisbee’s eclectic and artistic community. The Bisbee 1000 is more than just a race; it’s an immersive experience that highlights the charm and creativity of Cochise County.

The Willcox Wine Country Festival: A Celebration of Local Viticulture

Cochise County’s diverse climate and fertile soil make it an ideal location for wine production, and the Willcox Wine Country Festival is a testament to the region’s growing reputation as a wine destination. Held twice a year, in spring and autumn, the festival takes place in the small town of Willcox, which produces over 74% of Arizona’s wine grapes.

The Willcox Wine Country Festival attracts wine enthusiasts, connoisseurs, and casual tasters alike. The event features wine tastings from local vineyards, live music, and food vendors, all set against the stunning backdrop of the Dos Cabezas Mountains. The festival is not just about tasting wine; it’s about celebrating the unique terroir of Cochise County and the passion of the winemakers who have put this region on the map.

In addition to wine tastings, the festival offers educational seminars on wine production, grape growing, and the history of viticulture in the region. This focus on education, combined with the relaxed and friendly atmosphere of the event, makes the Willcox Wine Country Festival a must-visit for anyone interested in learning more about Arizona’s burgeoning wine industry.

The Cochise Cowboy Poetry and Music Gathering: Preserving Western Heritage Through Art

Even as Cochise County strides into the modern era, it holds fast to the rugged traditions that shaped its character. The Cochise Cowboy Poetry and Music Gathering, an annual event in Sierra Vista, serves as a vibrant testament to the enduring spirit of the Old West. For over thirty years, this gathering has been more than just a festival – it’s a living homage to cowboy culture and the artistic expressions born from it. Poets, musicians, and storytellers from all corners of the nation converge here, weaving tales and melodies that resonate with those who cherish the timeless heritage of the American frontier.

The Gathering is a unique blend of performances, workshops, and competitions. Attendees can enjoy poetry readings, live music, and even participate in songwriting workshops. The event also features an art show that showcases the work of local and regional artists who draw inspiration from the Western lifestyle. The Cochise Cowboy Poetry and Music Gathering is more than just entertainment; it’s a way of preserving and promoting the cultural heritage that defines Cochise County.

The Wings Over Willcox Birding and Nature Festival: A Haven for Nature Lovers

Cochise County’s natural beauty is one of its most significant assets, and the Wings Over Willcox Birding and Nature Festival is an event that celebrates this aspect of the region. Held annually in January, this festival attracts bird watchers, nature enthusiasts, and photographers from across the globe.

The festival is timed to coincide with the migration of thousands of Sandhill Cranes, which winter in the Sulphur Springs Valley. Participants can join guided birding tours, attend workshops on wildlife photography, and learn about the area’s unique ecosystem from experts. The event also includes a nature expo, where vendors offer everything from birding equipment to local arts and crafts.

What makes the Wings Over Willcox festival truly special is its emphasis on conservation and education. The event serves as a platform for raising awareness about the importance of preserving natural habitats, not just in Cochise County but across the country. It’s a celebration of the natural world that inspires attendees to appreciate and protect the environment.

Conclusion

Cochise County is a place where history and modernity coexist in harmony, and this is reflected in the diverse range of festivals and events that take place throughout the year. Whether you’re a thrill-seeker, a wine lover, a fan of Western culture, or a nature enthusiast, there’s something for everyone in this vibrant corner of Arizona. The modern festivals and events in Cochise County not only provide entertainment but also foster a sense of community and connection to the land and its heritage. These gatherings are a testament to the unique spirit of Cochise County, where tradition and innovation come together to create experiences that are truly unforgettable.

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The Roots of Ranching: A Foundation for Cochise Cuisine

The origins of Cochise’s culinary landscape can be traced back to its ranching heritage. Ranching was not merely an occupation but a way of life for the early settlers. The vast, open lands of Cochise were ideal for raising cattle, and the ranches that sprung up across the country became the backbone of its economy. These ranches, with their focus on sustainability and self-sufficiency, influenced the region’s food culture profoundly.

Traditional ranch fare was simple, hearty, and designed to sustain hard-working cowboys. Beef, naturally, was a staple, often prepared in the form of steaks, roasts, and stews. These dishes were typically seasoned with local herbs and spices, creating a flavor profile unique to the region. Additionally, the integration of Native American ingredients such as mesquite and prickly pear further enriched the culinary traditions of Cochise.

As the ranching industry grew, so did the diversity of its food. Ranchers began incorporating influences from Mexican cuisine, leading to a fusion of flavors that has become synonymous with Arizona’s culinary identity. Dishes like carne asada, tamales, and chili con carne, which have roots in Mexican cooking, became staples on the ranches of Cochise, adding layers of complexity and richness to the region’s food culture.

From Ranch to Table: The Evolution of Cochise’s Dining Scene

Over time, Cochise County saw a shift as towns grew and the population diversified. This transition brought new influences to the region’s food culture, particularly in the form of restaurants that began to emerge in the early 20th century. These establishments were not just places to eat but social hubs where people gathered to share stories, make deals, and enjoy the flavors of the land.

One of the most remarkable aspects of Cochise’s dining scene is how it has managed to preserve its ranching roots while embracing modern culinary trends. Many of the county’s restaurants still serve dishes that reflect the simplicity and heartiness of ranch cuisine but with a contemporary twist. Chefs in the region often source ingredients locally, ensuring that the connection between the food and the land remains strong.

For those looking to experience the authentic flavors of Cochise, exploring the county’s dining options is a must. Restaurants like The Outside Inn in Sierra Vista and Café Roka in Bisbee offer menus that celebrate the region’s heritage while introducing innovative approaches to traditional dishes. These establishments are part of a broader movement that seeks to honor Cochise’s culinary past while pushing the boundaries of what Southwestern cuisine can be.

The landscape of Cochise is not just a backdrop to its culinary story; it is an active participant. The high desert climate and unique geography of the region play a significant role in the types of ingredients available. Local farms produce a variety of crops, including chilies, beans, corn, and herbs, which are integral to the flavor profiles found in the region’s dishes. The emphasis on farm-to-table dining is not just a trend in Cochise; it is a continuation of the self-sufficient practices that have defined the region for generations.

Moreover, the influence of the Native American and Hispanic communities in Cochise cannot be overstated. Their culinary traditions, which include the use of wild game, native plants, and traditional cooking methods, have significantly shaped the region’s food culture. For example, the practice of slow-roasting meats in underground pits, a technique known as barbacoa, is a testament to the deep-rooted traditions that continue to thrive in Cochise.

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The Future of Cochise Cuisine: A Blend of Tradition and Innovation

As Cochise County looks to the future, its culinary scene is poised for continued growth and innovation. The trends of farm-to-table dining, sustainable sourcing, and culinary tourism are gaining traction in the region, attracting food enthusiasts from all over the country. These trends are not just about following national movements; they are deeply rooted in Cochise’s long standing traditions of sustainability and respect for the land.

One exciting development is the rise of food festivals and events that celebrate the county’s culinary diversity. The Cochise County Fair, for instance, showcases local produce, meats, and artisanal products, offering visitors a chance to experience the best of the region’s food. Such events play a crucial role in preserving and promoting Cochise’s culinary heritage, ensuring that the stories and flavors of the past are not lost to time.

Another promising trend is the increasing recognition of Cochise’s wines. The region’s unique climate and soil conditions make it an ideal location for viticulture, and local wineries are gaining acclaim for their high-quality products. Pairing these wines with traditional Cochise dishes offers a new dimension to the region’s culinary experience, one that reflects both its history and its potential for innovation.

In addition to its wine offerings, Cochise is also becoming known for its craft breweries and distilleries. These establishments are part of a growing movement towards artisanal and locally-produced beverages that complement the county’s food culture. Whether it’s a locally brewed beer paired with a ranch-style barbecue or a craft cocktail featuring native botanicals, these beverages add a new layer of depth to the culinary experiences available in Cochise.

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In conclusion, the culinary heritage of Cochise County is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of its ranching past, its cultural diversity, and its modern innovations. As the county continues to grow and evolve, so too does its food culture, offering a dynamic and ever-changing landscape for locals and visitors alike to explore. Whether you’re dining at a historic ranch or a cutting-edge restaurant, Cochise’s culinary story is one of connection—to the land, to tradition, and to the future.

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Cochise County, located in southeastern Arizona, played a pivotal role in the Apache Wars, a series of conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache tribes during the 19th century. These wars were marked by intense skirmishes, strategic battles, and significant cultural clashes. This article delves into the historical significance of Cochise County during this tumultuous period, highlighting key events, figures, and outcomes.

The Apache Tribes and Early Encounters

The Apache tribes, including the Chiricahua, Mimbreño, and Mescalero, were native to the southwestern United States, with a substantial presence in what is now Cochise County. Known for their fierce independence and adaptability, the Apache tribes had complex social structures and a deep connection to their land.

“The Apache were formidable warriors, skilled in guerrilla tactics and deeply knowledgeable about the rugged terrain of the region,” explains historian Dr. Maria Rivera.

Early encounters between the Apache and European settlers were often marked by mutual suspicion and conflict. The arrival of American settlers in the mid-19th century exacerbated tensions, leading to a series of violent confrontations.

The Bascom Affair

One of the most significant events that escalated the Apache Wars was the Bascom Affair in 1861. Lieutenant George Bascom, a young and inexperienced officer, accused the Chiricahua Apache leader Cochise of kidnapping a rancher’s son. Despite Cochise’s protests of innocence, Bascom’s actions led to a breakdown in negotiations and a violent standoff.

“The Bascom Affair was a catalyst for widespread hostilities between the Apache and the U.S. Army,” notes Dr. John H. Monnett, an expert on the Apache Wars.

Cochise escaped captivity, and the ensuing skirmishes set the stage for a prolonged period of warfare. The incident also marked Cochise County as a central battleground in the Apache resistance against American expansion.

The Leadership of Cochise

Cochise, one of the most prominent Apache leaders, played a crucial role in the resistance against U.S. forces. His leadership and tactical acumen made him a formidable opponent. Cochise utilized the rugged terrain of Cochise County to conduct effective guerrilla warfare against the American military.

“Cochise was not only a skilled warrior but also a shrewd strategist who understood the importance of mobility and surprise in combat,” says military historian Mark Simmons.

Cochise’s leadership inspired his people to continue fighting, even in the face of overwhelming odds. His resistance efforts significantly influenced the course of the Apache Wars.

The Role of Fort Bowie

Fort Bowie, established in 1862 in Cochise County, was a critical military outpost during the Apache Wars. It served as a base for U.S. Army operations against the Apache and played a strategic role in protecting settlers and securing supply routes.

“Fort Bowie was a linchpin in the U.S. Army’s campaign against the Apache, providing a vital stronghold in the heart of hostile territory,” explains archeologist Michael Taylor.

The fort witnessed numerous battles and skirmishes, becoming a symbol of the U.S. military’s determination to subdue the Apache resistance. Its presence in Cochise County underscored the region’s strategic importance during the conflicts.

Geronimo and the Final Resistance

Geronimo, another prominent Apache leader, continued the fight against U.S. forces after Cochise’s death. His raids and escape tactics became legendary, further intensifying the conflict in Cochise County.

“Geronimo’s defiance and resilience embodied the enduring spirit of the Apache resistance,” remarks anthropologist Linda Davis.

Despite numerous attempts by the U.S. Army to capture him, Geronimo evaded capture for years. His eventual surrender in 1886 marked the end of the Apache Wars, but it also signified the loss of Apache autonomy and the beginning of a new era of American control over the region.

The Aftermath and Legacy

The aftermath of the Apache Wars had profound effects on both the Apache people and the development of Cochise County. The forced relocation of the Apache to reservations disrupted their traditional way of life and led to significant cultural and social changes.

“The legacy of the Apache Wars is a poignant reminder of the struggles faced by indigenous peoples during westward expansion,” says local expert Maria Miller from Pin Up.

Cochise County, with its rich historical sites and preserved landmarks, serves as a testament to this turbulent period. Fort Bowie, now a National Historic Site, offers visitors a glimpse into the past and the complex history of the Apache Wars.

The role of Cochise County in the Apache Wars is a critical chapter in the history of the American Southwest. From the leadership of Cochise and Geronimo to the strategic importance of Fort Bowie, the region witnessed significant events that shaped the course of the conflicts. The legacy of the Apache Wars continues to resonate, offering valuable lessons on resilience, cultural preservation, and the impacts of colonial expansion.

“The history of Cochise County during the Apache Wars is a powerful narrative of resistance, survival, and change,” concludes Dr. Maria Rivera. As we reflect on this history, it is essential to honor the memories of those who fought and to recognize the enduring impact of these events on the region’s cultural landscape.

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One of the most striking aspects of this influence is its impact on the interior spaces of homes and buildings across the state. In this article, we’ll take a casual yet informative journey through time to explore how Spanish colonial design, known for its distinctive use of glass doors and windows, has left an indelible mark on the interiors of Arizona’s structures.

A Blend of History and Culture

To understand the influence of Spanish colonial design on Arizona’s interior spaces, it’s essential to delve into the historical and cultural context. Arizona was part of the vast region once known as New Spain, a Spanish colonial territory that stretched across much of the Americas for several centuries.

The Spanish colonizers brought their architectural traditions, merging European styles with indigenous influences. This fusion of cultures resulted in a unique architectural aesthetic that is now synonymous with the American Southwest. One hallmark of Spanish colonial design is glass doors and windows.

Letting in the Arizona Sunshine

The desert landscape of Arizona is defined by its abundant sunshine, and Spanish colonial design cleverly incorporates this natural resource into its interior spaces. The use of large glass doors and windows is a defining feature of this architectural style.

These elements serve a dual purpose: they allow abundant natural light to flood the rooms and provide breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.

“bringing the outdoors in” is at the heart of Spanish colonial interior design. It seamlessly transitions between the interior and exterior spaces, connecting residents with the stunning desert vistas and temperate climate. The ample use of glass doors and windows encourages a sense of openness, airiness, and appreciation for Arizona’s scenic beauty.

Courtyards and Patios

One of Arizona’s most iconic elements of Spanish colonial design is the central courtyard or patio. These outdoor spaces are often enclosed by the structure or surrounded by thick adobe walls, ensuring privacy and providing a sheltered oasis from the desert heat. Glass doors. Windows are crucial in connecting these courtyards to the interior of homes and buildings.

Typically, homes designed in this style have rooms that open directly onto the central courtyard. These rooms feature large glass doors that can be flung open to blur the line between indoor and outdoor living. This design allows for easy access to the courtyard and invites the refreshing breezes and the scent of desert flora inside, creating a harmonious and comfortable living environment.

Incorporating Nature’s Palette

Spanish colonial design embraces the colors and textures of the natural world, and this philosophy extends to interior spaces. Earthy tones such as terracotta, rich browns, and warm yellows dominate the color palette, reflecting the hues of the surrounding desert landscape. This color scheme evokes a sense of warmth and coziness, counterbalancing the harsh desert environment outside.

Many Spanish colonial interiors feature handcrafted wooden furniture and rustic decor elements to enhance this connection to nature. Wooden beams and vigas (wooden ceiling beams) are often exposed to add depth and character to the space. These elements, along with the use of glass doors and windows, create an atmosphere that is inviting and grounded in the natural beauty of Arizona.

Modern Interpretations

While the influence of Spanish colonial design on Arizona’s interior spaces is undeniable, it has also evolved to meet the demands of contemporary living. Today, architects and interior designers often blend traditional elements with modern sensibilities, creating spaces that pay homage to the past while embracing the present.

For instance, modern homes in Arizona may incorporate energy-efficient glass doors and windows that help to manage the desert’s extreme temperatures. These innovations maintain the connection with the outdoors while providing comfort and sustainability.

Furthermore, Spanish colonial design principles have influenced various architectural styles across the state, including Southwestern, Mediterranean, and even modernist aesthetics. These diverse interpretations continue to shape the interior spaces of Arizona, offering homeowners a range of options to express their style while staying rooted in the region’s architectural heritage.

Conclusion

The influence of Spanish colonial design on Arizona’s interior spaces speaks to the lasting impact of architecture in reflecting culture, history, and environment. This style seamlessly connects the stunning desert landscapes with Arizona’s homes and buildings by embracing glass doors and windows, creating a unique atmosphere.

Dominius, a glass door company in Norway, understands the importance of blending indoor and outdoor living spaces. Their commitment to quality glass doors and windows aligns perfectly with the principles of Spanish colonial design, enhancing the beauty of Arizona’s architecture.

Looking ahead, it’s evident that this architectural style will continue to shape and inspire interior spaces throughout the state. It celebrates the American Southwest’s rich history and the region’s natural beauty with the support of companies like Dominius, dedicated to delivering exceptional glass solutions.

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Introduction to Arizona’s History

Nestled in the southwestern United States, Arizona has a history that dates back thousands of years. Before European explorers arrived, the region was home to various Native American tribes, including the Hohokam, Ancestral Puebloans, and Navajo. These indigenous communities flourished through farming, trading, and intricate social structures.

Early Native American Inhabitants

The Native American tribes in Arizona left an indelible mark on the state’s history. The Hohokam, known for their advanced irrigation systems, transformed the arid desert into fertile lands. The Ancestral Puebloans, famous for their cliff dwellings in places like Canyon de Chelly, showcased their architectural prowess. The Navajo, Apache, and Hopi tribes maintained rich cultural traditions and continue to contribute to Arizona’s cultural fabric.

Spanish Exploration and Missionary Influence

In the 16th century, Spanish explorers, led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, ventured into Arizona in search of legendary cities of gold. Although their quest for wealth proved futile, Spanish influence remained through the establishment of missions. These missions aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity while providing a foundation for Spanish control over the region.

The Mexican Period and the Gadsden Purchase

Following Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821, Arizona became part of the Mexican territories. However, the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 resulted in the cession of Arizona to the United States through the Gadsden Purchase. This acquisition marked the beginning of Arizona’s association with the United States.

Arizona Territory and the Wild West

In 1863, Arizona was designated as a separate territory, and Tucson became its capital. The late 19th century was marked by lawlessness, with infamous outlaws like the Clanton Gang and the Earp Brothers making their mark. The gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone immortalized the Wild West era and added to Arizona’s colorful history.

Arizona’s Role in the Civil War

During the Civil War, Arizona’s loyalty was divided. While many Arizonans supported the Confederacy, others remained loyal to the Union. This internal conflict resulted in battles fought on Arizona soil, such as the Battle of Picacho Pass. Ultimately, the Union regained control, solidifying Arizona’s connection to the United States.

Statehood and Growth in the 20th Century

Arizona became the 48th state in the Union on February 14, 1912. With statehood came an era of rapid growth and development. The discovery of copper and other mineral resources fueled the economy, attracting investors and migrants. Cities like Phoenix, Tucson, and Flagstaff experienced significant expansion, laying the foundation for Arizona’s urban landscape.

Economic Development and Natural Resources

Arizona’s natural resources have played a crucial role in its economic development. The state’s copper mines became vital suppliers during World War I and World War II, supporting the war effort. In addition to copper, Arizona boasts rich reserves of coal, silver, gold, and uranium. The extraction of these resources has contributed to the state’s prosperity.

Arizona’s Contributions to World War II

During World War II, Arizona became an important center for military training and defense production. The state’s clear skies and vast deserts provided ideal conditions for airbase establishment, attracting training facilities like Luke Air Force Base and Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The construction of military installations brought jobs and economic growth.

The Rise of Tourism and the Grand Canyon

One cannot discuss Arizona without mentioning the awe-inspiring Grand Canyon. This natural wonder attracts millions of visitors each year, contributing significantly to Arizona’s tourism industry. The development of resorts, hiking trails, and scenic overlooks has made the Grand Canyon an iconic destination, showcasing the state’s natural beauty.

Contemporary Arizona: Population and Diversity

In recent decades, Arizona has experienced rapid population growth, attracting people from all walks of life. The state’s diverse population includes a vibrant Hispanic community, Native American tribes, and immigrants from around the world. This cultural diversity is reflected in Arizona’s cuisine, festivals, and art, making it a melting pot of traditions.

Education and Cultural Institutions

Arizona’s commitment to education is evident through its esteemed universities, including Arizona State University and the University of Arizona. These institutions foster innovation and research while attracting students from across the country. Additionally, Arizona is home to renowned cultural institutions like the Heard Museum and the Musical Instrument Museum, preserving and celebrating the state’s diverse heritage.

Notable Figures in Arizona’s History

Throughout its history, Arizona has been the birthplace or home to several notable figures. From political figures like Barry Goldwater and Sandra Day O’Connor to cultural icons like Cesar Chavez and Carlos Santana, Arizona has produced individuals who have made a lasting impact on the world stage.

Live Casinos in Arizona

In the realm of entertainment, Arizona offers a variety of options, including live casinos. These vibrant establishments provide thrilling experiences for those seeking games of chance and entertainment. One notable live casino in Arizona is JetexBet Casino, known for its exceptional gaming options and immersive atmosphere. Visit JetexBet Casino https://jetexbet.com/en/ for an unforgettable gaming experience.

Conclusion

Arizona’s history is a tapestry woven with the threads of Native American civilizations, Spanish colonization, territorial struggles, and rapid growth. The state’s rich heritage and diverse population make it a fascinating destination for history enthusiasts and adventure seekers alike. As Arizona continues to evolve, it remains rooted in its past, embracing its unique identity. So pack your bags and explore the wonders of Arizona, where the past and present seamlessly intertwine.

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Mesa is a suburb located about 32 km east of Phoenix, Arizona. Two airports, Phoenix Sky Harbour International Phoenix-Mesa Gateway, are not far from Mesa. Several local highways serve the area, such as US Route 60, which can connect Apache Junction and Phoenix. Also SR 87 and Bypass Loop 101, which skirts the western edge of the city as Price Highway, and Bypass Loop 202, which bypasses the city from the north and east. The main east-west thoroughfare in Mesa, Main Street, serves the downtown area.

The history of Mesa begins with the Hohokam culture, which existed between 300 and 1500. Peaceful Native American farmers transformed the desert into an oasis of green land by building an intricate network of canals over 200 km long (in use today). They would disappear from the area but leave a legacy of enriched soil that would sustain agriculture centuries later.

When the Spaniards crossed the Salt River intending to settle in southwestern Arizona, the Apache Indians met them quite unfriendly and drove them out, continuing to live in the region until the 18th century. During the Civil War the government seized parts of Arizona after widespread clashes between natives and European settlers.

The 85 brave Latter-day Saints from Utah and Idaho, discovering the irrigation canals left by the Hohokam culture, cleared them, settled on the fertile land and began to breed and multiply.

The mesa was founded in 1878 and registered in 1883. In Spanish “mesa” means “plateau”, which of course does not connect the name with the computer game Black Mesa. The first settlers built houses on the plateau above the surrounding area.

In 1891, veterinary surgeon Alexander John Chandler bought 80 acres of land south of Mesa in the Salt River Valley and used heavy machinery to clear and widen irrigation canals so they could be used more efficiently. By the turn of the century, Chandler had increased the area by a factor of 100 and was already sitting on 18,000 acres of land.

When restrictions were announced that each landowner could only irrigate 160 acres, Chandler enlisted the support of his ranch units and sold the plots. It was Chandler who introduced the first power plant, and in 1917, when the municipal government bought it, Arizona and Mesa became one of the first places to have such a utility. By 1940, Mesa was already a bustling and lively town.

By now there were 7,000 Tohono-O’odam Indians settled in Mesa. Hispanics, Chinese and Japanese have brought their cultures with them, built businesses and started farming the land. With a population of over 508,000 people, Mesa may be the 37th largest city in the USA.

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The area, now known as Sedona, was inhabited for hundreds of years by a group of Vipukepa from north-east Yavapai before their forced removal in 1875. The Yavapai called it Vipuk, the Middle Earth, where the first humans appeared. To the first Spanish travellers who crossed the high-mountain desert, it appeared as a barren wasteland, merely a natural obstacle to the Californian gold. Conceded by Mexico in the early nineteenth century, there were few white settlers until the end of that century. Then the Southwest became ‘charmland’, a resort and tourist attraction for wealthy coastal urban centres whose residents flocked here for respite, first to health resorts offering dry air to reduce consumption, then to hotels and golf courses offering year-round relaxation. sun and expanses of empty space.

The rocky deserts and parched plateaus of the Southwest have given rise to fantastic legends of humans and other creatures. Alien mythology has its roots in the Southwest; New Mexico is home to Roswell, from Nevada to Area 51, Arizona to the mysterious lights in the sky above Phoenix. Arizona is also rich in frontier mythology as the final battlefield of ‘cowboys and Indians’. It is still home to the largest indigenous reservation in the continental US; the forced relocations and marches of former occupiers are a recent historical memory. It has served as a cinematic backdrop for westerns, living as a frontier in imaginary Hollywood. Sedona was founded in the late nineteenth century after the forced removal of the Yavapai.

Sedona sits in a network of red-rock canyons and along the banks of Oak Creek, one of the few sources of fresh water in Northern Arizona. The contrast of bright sandstone against the open blue Arizona sky and growing green trees creates a breathtaking view, especially when approached from the surrounding barren desert landscape. Sedona is a sacred site of new age spirituality. Its centrality is evidenced by comparisons in literature to Mecca.

The notion that Sedona is a vortex of invisible but powerful spiritual energy is relatively recent, and can be traced back to the second half of the twentieth century in historical accounts. It became known for ‘vortices’, red rock formations that are said to have spirals of special energy flowing through them. Since the 1980s it has attracted people involved in new age spirituality who claim it is a sacred place. Locals claim that the vortices were known to Native Americans, who considered the whole area sacred. Ayres describes the emergence of new age events in Sedona as due to the support of a realtor named Mary Lou Keller, who in the 1960s had a building on the hillside where she allowed people to hold spiritual events for free. According to Keller himself, the vortexes were known to Native Americans and then Ruby Focus, a group now called Rainbow Ray Focus, which still has a presence in Sedona, came with channelling information about the vortexes and bought property next to the Airport Mesa vortex through Keller. in 1963. she says this originated, despite other claims.

Vortex guides usually credit Dick Sutphen and Page Bryant, a pair of psychics who claimed to have sensed vortices in the 1980s. Sutphen has made a career out of psychic seminars held on Sedona vortices, aimed at developing psychic abilities, and publishing books on vortices and their powers. According to Ayres, Sutphen and Bryant were only “spreading” the vortices along with Pete Saunders, another famous Sedona psychic. The claim that Native Americans knew about the vortices is part of a strategy of legitimisation. If the special energy is an inherent property of the earth, then it would have been known to previous inhabitants, who are considered more spiritual by New Age people.

Tourism has long replaced the three s’s in Arizona: cattle, copper and cotton. Sedona is a shining jewel in the industry, attracting 3,000,000 4,000,000 XNUMX-XNUMX XNUMX XNUMX visitors a year. New Age spirituality is an important part of this tourist attraction. At first, the Sedona City Council and Chamber of Commerce neglected the influx of spiritual seekers, for example, by banning camping within the city limits to drive wandering newcomers out of town. Now the Chamber of Commerce gives out maps of the location of the vortexes. Sedona’s reputation as a metaphysical or spiritual destination is part of its appeal to visitors, and the eddies play a role alongside spas, spas and hotels offering massage, meditation and yoga during wellness holidays. Uptown’s affluent shopping district is dotted with shops offering crystals, psychic readings and healing techniques. [Image right] Guides offer trips around the vortexes, UFO sighting tours and nature hikes. This is part of a well-established overlap between new age spirituality and business.

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The Hohokam lived in the area and built canals to support their agriculture. They left their settlements in the 15th century and a few individuals and families stayed nearby.

Fort McDowell was established about 25 miles (40 km) northeast of the current centre of Tempe in the upper Salt River in 1865, allowing new towns to be built further up the Salt River. US servicemen and Hispanic labourers were hired to grow food and animal feed to supply the fort, and in less than a year they set up small camps by the river, which became the first permanent settlements in the Valley after the fall of Hohokam. (Phoenix was settled shortly thereafter, by 1867-1868.) Two settlements were “Hayden’s Ferry”, named after the ferry service operated by Charles T. Hayden, and “San Pablo”, and were located to the west and east of Hayden Butte respectively. . Ferry became a key river crossing in the area. The Tempe Irrigating Canal Company was soon founded by William Kirkland and James McKinney to provide water for alfalfa, wheat, barley, oats and cotton.

Pioneer Darrell Duppa suggested the name Tempe, adopted in 1879, after comparing the Salt River Valley near the 300 ft (91 m) high hill with the Tempe Valley near Mount Olympus in Greece.

Until the early 1960s, Tempe was a sunset town where African Americans were allowed to work but encouraged to live elsewhere. In 1965 Warren and Carol Livingston were the first African Americans to buy property in Tempe.

In 1885, the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature chose Tempe to house the Territorial School of Education, which became the Arizona Teachers School, Arizona State Teachers College, Arizona State College and finally Arizona State University.

The Maricopa and Phoenix Railroad, built in 1887, crossed the Salt River into Tempe, connecting the city to the country’s growing transportation system. The Tempe Land and Improvement Company was established to sell plots in the rapidly growing city.

The completion of Roosevelt Dam in 1911 guaranteed enough water to meet the growing needs of the valley’s farmers. On the way to opening the dam, former President Theodore Roosevelt hailed the achievements of central Arizona and predicted that their towns would become thriving cities in the future.

A rare F2 tornado hit Tempe in 1971, injuring 41 people, the highest number of injuries recorded in an Arizona tornado, and causing more than $3 million in damage. One indirect fatality occurred when a man died of a heart attack during the storm.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Tempe became a suburb of Phoenix, as well as a centre for education and commerce.

Tempe is an inner suburb located between the main city of Phoenix and the rest of the East Valley. Because of this, and because Tempe is home to the main campus of Arizona State University, Tempe has a fairly dense urbanised development pattern in the northern part of the city, especially in relation to the Valley metro line. Moving south, the development becomes less dense, consisting of lower-density single-family homes, shopping centres and office parks.

The Salt River flows west through the northern part of Tempe; part of the river is dammed in two places to form the city’s Tempe Lake.

According to the US Census Bureau, the landlocked city has a total area of 40.2 square miles (104 km2), of which 40.1 square miles (104 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) is water. The total area is 0.32% water, including the city’s Tempe Lake. The city of Tempe is bordered by Mesa to the east, Scottsdale and the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community to the north, Phoenix and Guadalupe to the west and Chandler to the south.

Tempe is generally flat, with the exception of Tempe Butte or Hayden Butte (commonly known as A-Mountain because of the Arizona State University “A” logo on its south side), located near Sun Devil Stadium, Twin Buttes and Bell Butte on the western edge. Tempe and the hills at Papago Park in the northwest corner of Tempe. Elevation ranges from 1,140 ft (350m) at Tempe Town Lake to 1,495 ft (456m) at the top of Hayden Butte.

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Yuma is the principal city of the metropolitan statistical area of Yuma, Arizona, which consists of Yuma County. According to the US Census Bureau, the estimated population of the Yuma MSA for 2020 is 203,247. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Yuma is “the sunniest city on earth”, promising sunshine and warm weather for at least 91% of the year.

Yuma’s weather also makes it an agricultural centre with over 175 types of crops, the largest of which is lettuce. Yuma County provides 90% of all leafy vegetables in the United States. Yuma is also known for its large military population because of several military bases, including a Marine Corps air base.

Yuma is located in the southwestern corner of the state, in the Sonora Desert, a sub-region of the Yuma Desert.

The area’s first settlers were Indian cultures and historical tribes for thousands of years. Their descendants now live on the Cocopa and Quechan reservations.

In 1540 Spanish colonial expeditions commanded by Hernando de Alarcón and Melchior Díaz visited the area and immediately recognized the natural crossing of the Colorado River as the ideal place for a town. The Colorado River narrows to a width of just under 1,000 feet (300 m) at one point. Military expeditions that crossed the Colorado River at Yuma Crossing include Juan Bautista de Anza (1774), the Mormon Battalion (1848) and the California Column (1862).

During and after the California gold rush until the late 1870s, Yuma Junction was known for its ferry crossings on the Southern Emigrant Trail. It was considered the gateway to California, as it was one of the few natural places where travellers could cross the very wide Colorado River.

The first settlements
After the United States established Fort Yuma, two towns sprang up one mile down the river. The one on the California side was called Jaeger City after the owner of Jaeger’s Crossing, which crossed the river there. For a while it was the larger of the two, with a Butterfield Land Post Office and station, two blacksmith shops, an inn, two shops, and other living quarters.

The other was called Colorado City. Developed on the south bank of the river in what is now Arizona by speculator Charles Poston, it was the site of a customs house. When it began, it was north of the border between Sonora, Mexico and California. After the purchase of Gadsden by the United States, the town bordered New Mexico territory. The area was designated as Arizona Territory in 1863. The Colorado City section was then properly incorporated in San Diego; both banks of the Colorado River just below its confluence with the Hila River were recognised as being under the jurisdiction of California. The County of San Diego collected taxes from there for many years.

From 1853 a small settlement of Arizona City grew up on the upland opposite the fort, which in 1858 was organised under the name of the post office. It had earthen houses, two shops and two saloons. Colorado City and Jager City were almost completely destroyed by the Great Flood of 1862 and had to be rebuilt on higher ground. At that time, Colorado City became part of Arizona City. In 1873, it was named Yuma.

Early development.
From 1854, Colorado City was a major steamboat stop for traffic up and down the Colorado River. After the 1862 flood, it became part of Arizona City. Steamboats carried passengers and equipment for various mines and military outposts along the Colorado River; Colorado City was the terminus for wagon traffic up the Hila River into New Mexico territory. They unloaded cargo from ships at the mouth of the Colorado River at Robinson’s Wharf, and from 1864 at Port Isabel. From 1864, the Yuma Intendant Depot, now a state historic park, supplied all the forts in present-day Arizona, as well as most of Colorado and New Mexico. After Arizona became a separate territory, Yuma became the administrative centre of Yuma County in 1871, replacing La Paz, the first place.

The Southern Pacific Railroad bridged the river in 1877 and acquired George Alonzo Johnson’s Colorado Steam Navigation Company, the only steamboat company on the river. Yuma became the new shipping base on the river, eliminating the need for Port Isabel, which had been abandoned in 1879. The warehouses and shipyard were moved to Yuma.

Geography
Yuma is near the borders of California to the west and Mexico to the south, and west of the confluence of the Hila River with the Colorado River. The city is about 60 miles (100 km) from the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez), an offshoot of the Pacific Ocean.

According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 106.7 square miles (276 km2), of which 106.6 square miles (276 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (0.07%) is water.

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Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Quinault founded the San Xavier d el Bac mission in 1700. During the 1700s, Spanish missionaries tried to persuade Native Americans to convert to Catholicism and live the Spanish way of life. The Spanish built a fort at Tubac in 1751. It was moved to Tucson in 1775, where Hugo O’Conor, an Irishman working for the Spanish Crown, formally founded Presidio San Augustin del Tucson.

The Spaniards remained in the area repelling repeated attacks on the fort by Apache warriors. In 1821 Tucson became part of the new state of Sonora in Mexico, which gained independence from Spain. In 1854 Tucson, along with much of the surrounding territory, was purchased from Mexico by the United States as part of the Hudsden Purchase and became part of New Mexico Territory. President Lincoln created the Arizona Territory in 1863, and Tucson was named the capital from 1867 to 1877. On 14 February 1912, Arizona became the 48th state in the United States.

Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, who are known to have lived in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have uncovered a village dating back to 2100 B.C. The Santa Cruz River floodplain was intensively farmed during the early agricultural period, from about 1200 B.C. to 150 A.D. These people built irrigation canals and grew corn, beans and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The early pottery period saw the first widespread use of ceramic vessels for cooking and storage in Tucson. The groups, designated Hohokam , lived in the area from 600 to 1450 AD and are known for their extensive irrigation canal system and their red-brown pottery.

Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Quinault visited the Santa Cruz Valley in 1692 and founded the mission of San Xavier del Bac in 1700, about 7 miles (11 km) upstream from the Tucson settlement. A separate Convento settlement was established downstream of the Santa Cruz River, at the foot of what is now Mt. “A” . Hugo O’Conor , the founding father of Tucson, Arizona, authorized the construction of a military fort at this location Presidio San Agustin del Tucson on August 20, 1775 (next to the current downtown Pima County Courthouse). During the Spanish period, Presidio attacks, such as the Second Battle of Tucson, were carried out repeatedly by Apaches. The town eventually became known as “Tucson” and became part of the state of Sonora after Mexico gained its independence from the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish Empire in 1821.

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